[BUILD] Add cxx feature detections

[owent]

Fixes #3200

Changes

• Add feature detection headers and use macro to checking C++20 deatures.

For significant contributions please make sure you have completed the following items:

• CHANGELOG.md updated for non-trivial changes
• Unit tests have been added
• Changes in public API reviewed

[netlify]

✅ Deploy Preview for opentelemetry-cpp-api-docs canceled.

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 87.82%. Comparing base (902ee88) to head (68c3a7b).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #3203      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   87.83%   87.82%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         195      195              
  Lines        6154     6154              
==========================================
- Hits         5405     5404       -1     
- Misses        749      750       +1     

see 1 file with indirect coverage changes

[marcalff]

LGTM, thanks for the fix.