[Code Health] Harden settlement (part 2: (non-)halting settlement error alignment)

[bryanchriswhite]

Summary

Adds integration tests which categorize and exercise claim/proof settlement errors into "SHOULD halt" and "SHOULD NOT halt".

Issue

• [Tokenomics] Settlement safety #881

Type of change

Select one or more from the following:

• New feature, functionality or library
• Consensus breaking; add the consensus-breaking label if so. See [Infra] Automatically add the consensus-breaking label #791 for details
• Bug fix
• Code health or cleanup
• Documentation
• Other (specify): Tests

Testing

• Documentation: make docusaurus_start; only needed if you make doc changes
• Unit Tests: make go_develop_and_test
• LocalNet E2E Tests: make test_e2e
• DevNet E2E Tests: Add the devnet-test-e2e label to the PR.

Sanity Checklist

• I have tested my changes using the available tooling
• I have commented my code
• I have performed a self-review of my own code; both comments & source code
• I create and reference any new tickets, if applicable
• I have left TODOs throughout the codebase, if applicable

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[bryanchriswhite]

Suggested change

	// TODO_TEST(@bryanchriswhite): Settlement proceeds in the face of errors
	// - Does not block settling of other claims in the same session
	// - Does not block setting subsequent sessions