Bump ubuntu from 22.04 to 24.04

[dependabot]

Bumps ubuntu from 22.04 to 24.04.

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[tomeichlersmith]

This is not building because of ROOT.

[ 21%] Building CXX object io/rootpcm/CMakeFiles/RootPcmObjs.dir/src/rootclingIO.cxx.o
In file included from /home/tom/code/ldmx/docker/dev-home/root-6.22.08/core/base/inc/Rtypes.h:31,
                 from /home/tom/code/ldmx/docker/dev-home/root-6.22.08/core/base/inc/TObject.h:17,
                 from /home/tom/code/ldmx/docker/dev-home/root-6.22.08/core/base/inc/TNamed.h:25,
                 from /home/tom/code/ldmx/docker/dev-home/root-6.22.08/core/meta/inc/TDictionary.h:44,
                 from /home/tom/code/ldmx/docker/dev-home/root-6.22.08/core/meta/inc/TClass.h:23,
                 from /home/tom/code/ldmx/docker/dev-home/root-6.22.08/io/rootpcm/src/rootclingIO.cxx:15:
/usr/include/string.h:506:15: error: declaration of 'size_t strlcpy(char*, const char*, size_t) noexcept' has a different exception specifier
  506 | extern size_t strlcpy (char *__restrict __dest,
      |               ^~~~~~~
In file included from /home/tom/code/ldmx/docker/dev-home/root-6.22.08/core/base/inc/Rtypes.h:27:
/home/tom/code/ldmx/docker/dev-home/root-6.22.08/core/clib/inc/strlcpy.h:26:8: note: from previous declaration 'size_t strlcpy(char*, const char*, size_t)'
   26 | size_t strlcpy(char *dst, const char *src, size_t siz);
      |        ^~~~~~~
/usr/include/string.h:512:15: error: declaration of 'size_t strlcat(char*, const char*, size_t) noexcept' has a different exception specifier
  512 | extern size_t strlcat (char *__restrict __dest,
      |               ^~~~~~~
/home/tom/code/ldmx/docker/dev-home/root-6.22.08/core/clib/inc/strlcpy.h:27:8: note: from previous declaration 'size_t strlcat(char*, const char*, size_t)'
   27 | size_t strlcat(char *dst, const char *src, size_t siz);
      |        ^~~~~~~
In file included from /home/tom/code/ldmx/docker/dev-home/root-6.22.08/core/base/inc/TUrl.h:29,
                 from /home/tom/code/ldmx/docker/dev-home/root-6.22.08/io/io/inc/TFile.h:28,
                 from /home/tom/code/ldmx/docker/dev-home/root-6.22.08/io/rootpcm/src/rootclingIO.cxx:18:
/home/tom/code/ldmx/docker/dev-home/root-6.22.08/core/cont/inc/TMap.h:145:30: warning: 'template<class _Category, class _Tp, class _Distance, class _Pointer, class _Reference> struct std::iterator' is deprecated [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
  145 |                  public std::iterator<std::bidirectional_iterator_tag,
      |                              ^~~~~~~~
In file included from /usr/include/c++/13/bits/stl_algobase.h:65,
                 from /usr/include/c++/13/vector:62,
                 from /home/tom/code/ldmx/docker/dev-home/root-6.22.08/core/meta/inc/TGenericClassInfo.h:21,
                 from /home/tom/code/ldmx/docker/dev-home/root-6.22.08/core/base/inc/Rtypes.h:189:
/usr/include/c++/13/bits/stl_iterator_base_types.h:127:34: note: declared here
  127 |     struct _GLIBCXX17_DEPRECATED iterator
      |                                  ^~~~~~~~
gmake[2]: *** [io/rootpcm/CMakeFiles/RootPcmObjs.dir/build.make:76: io/rootpcm/CMakeFiles/RootPcmObjs.dir/src/rootclingIO.cxx.o] Error 1
gmake[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/Makefile2:19666: io/rootpcm/CMakeFiles/RootPcmObjs.dir/all] Error 2
gmake: *** [Makefile:156: all] Error 2

This looks deep enough within ROOT to me that I think we should update ROOT when we want to update OS versions. I've attached the full patch file showing what I did to the Dockerfile when replicating the build failing on CI.

For this reason, I am closing this PR and plan to delay the update until Ubuntu 26. Ubuntu 22 (what we have now) will be supported until April 2027 a year after the planned Ubuntu 26 release.

[dependabot]

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If you change your mind, just re-open this PR and I'll resolve any conflicts on it.